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From boom to a ban: transnational commercial surrogacy in India
In Aug 2015, India imposed a ban on transnational commercial surrogacy, restricting it to heterosexual Indian couples who have been married for five years, have no existing children, and are able to persuade a relative to become a surrogate altruistically for them. This ban and the 2016 Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill is expected to be endorsed as law in 2019. The Bill, in effect, clamps down on the multi-billion-dollar industry involving over 3000 clinics. This paper analyses the rationale and outcomes of the restrictive ban on the industry of commercial surrogacy. In the first few sections I unpack the implications of the 2016 Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill and proposed ban on commercial surrogacy and situate it within national imperatives as well as a global political context. I use data from my decade-long ethnographic work in surrogacy clinics in India, together with the recent developments in the surrogacy industry to argue against such a ban for two connected reasons: the effect of such a ban on the most vulnerable (the surrogates); and the utter naivety of trying to resolve a global problem merely through restrictive national legislations. In the final section, I propose an alternative to the morality frame for understanding surrogacy and its corollary - a prohibitive law, and instead focus on the notions of reproductive justice and dignity of labour of the surrogates via transparency in finances, medical practices and the relationships embedded within surrogacy.
I. Introduction
II. Surrogacy scandals and legal “Bills” in India
III. The indian surrogacy (regulation) Bill 2016
IV. Is there an alternative?
V. Bibliography
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In Aug 2015, India imposed a ban on transnational commercial surrogacy, restricting it to heterosexual Indian couples who have been married for five years, have no existing children, and are able to persuade a relative to become a surrogate altruistically for them. This ban and the 2016 Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill is expected to be endorsed as law in 2019. The Bill, in effect, clamps down on the multi-billion-dollar industry involving over 3000 clinics. This paper analyses the rationale and outcomes of the restrictive ban on the industry of commercial surrogacy. In the first few sections I unpack the implications of the 2016 Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill and proposed ban on commercial surrogacy and situate it within national imperatives as well as a global political context. I use data from my decade-long ethnographic work in surrogacy clinics in India, together with the recent developments in the surrogacy industry to argue against such a ban for two connected reasons: the effect of such a ban on the most vulnerable (the surrogates); and the utter naivety of trying to resolve a global problem merely through restrictive national legislations. In the final section, I propose an alternative to the morality frame for understanding surrogacy and its corollary - a prohibitive law, and instead focus on the notions of reproductive justice and dignity of labour of the surrogates via transparency in finances, medical practices and the relationships embedded within surrogacy.
I. Introduction
II. Surrogacy scandals and legal “Bills” in India
III. The indian surrogacy (regulation) Bill 2016
IV. Is there an alternative?
V. Bibliography
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